Preparing for a fresher's frontend developer interview involves understanding basic concepts and being ready to answer common questions. Here are some typical questions you might encounter:
- What are meta tags in HTML? - Meta tags provide metadata about the HTML document, such as descriptions, keywords, and author information [1].
- What is HTML? - HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language and is used to create the structure of web pages [2].
- What are Semantic elements in HTML? - Semantic elements like
<header>,<footer>, and<article>clearly describe their meaning in a human- and machine-readable way [2]. - What are the main technical and additional skills required to become a front-end developer? - Key skills include HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and frameworks like React or Angular. Additional skills might include version control (e.g., Git) and understanding of responsive design [3].
- What is load balancing? - Load balancing refers to the process of distributing network or application traffic across multiple servers to ensure no single server becomes overwhelmed [1].
- Explain the importance of mastering Data Structures and Algorithms (DSA) for frontend roles. - DSA is crucial for solving complex problems efficiently, which is a key part of technical interviews for frontend developer positions [5].
🌐 Sources
- simplilearn.com - Frontend Developer Interview Questions [Ultimate List]
- geeksforgeeks.org - Frontend Developer Interview Questions (2024)
- javatpoint.com - Top 25+ Most Asked Front end Developer Interview ...
- github.com - Frontend-Interview-Preparation-for-Interns-and-Junior ...
- medium.com - Cracking the Code: A Fresher's Guide to Interview ...
- fullstack.cafe - 50 Common Front End Developer Interview Questions
Web Development Classes, Certificates And Bootcamps In NYC
Maintaining a solid online presence is vital for institutions, businesses and individuals in almost every professional context. This means that having access to someone who knows the ins and outs of web development is key, since programming and running web pages that work is an essential aspect of almost every public-facing business or project. Learning how to develop and maintain web pages will teach you a collection of professional skills that are only becoming more and more important as time goes on. If you are looking to learn how to code and run websites, you should consider looking into one of the many excellent training centers and educational resources available in NYC.
Recommended: Best coding bootcamps in NYC Recommended: Best certificate programs in NYC Recommended: Best digital marketing classes in NYCRecommended: Data science classes, bootcamps & certificates in NYC
What is web development?Web development is a large tent that encompasses all of the processes of building and maintaining the technical side of websites. This includes writing the code that the web browsers use to display the website, building and interlinking the databases that store important information pertaining to the pages and ensuring that the pages and databases are secure. Broadly speaking, since web development covers so many different topics, it is generally broken up into three smaller subsets focusing on what aspects of the development process are handled.
Front end web developmentFront end web development refers to the aspects of web development pertaining to aspects of the page that are visible to the user and that they interact with while utilizing the page. For example, the visual representation of this text and the links directing readers to other pages, internal and external, are front end development issues. Front end web development tends to utilize HTML & CSS and JavaScript (as well as its assorted libraries) to add functionality and interactive elements to a web page, which are vital for providing end users with an experience that is conducive to your end goals (whether this is providing easier access to information, streamlining a virtual storefront or giving users access to contact information that they can use elsewhere).
Back end web developmentBack end web development covers the other half of the web development equation, handling the aspects of the web page that are not visible to the end user. This includes everything from password databases to automated forms and invoices being created after an item is purchased from a web store. Back end web development is less concerned with the look and feel of the page as they are with its internal functionality, so they will spend more time working with complex databases and languages like Python and SQL. Back end development also concerns itself with ensuring that the website continues to remain functional as changes are made to the front and that the website and its databases are protected from hostile threats.
Full stack web developmentUnsurprisingly, full stack web development is the process of building both the front end and back end for a website and ensuring that the two systems work well with one another. Full Stack Developers will either learn how to use several different programming languages to build end-user content and databases or they will specialize in a specific, versatile programming language (like JavaScript) that lets them handle all of the major aspects of web development using a single syntax. Full Stack Web Developers are often employed by companies to handle all aspects of the development and upkeep processes when they are launching or significantly modifying one of their websites.
Why learn web development?Learning web development is appealing because nothing in the present suggests that businesses and institutions are going to move away from focusing on their web presence. While hard figures are very difficult to come by, it is estimated that about 175 websites are launched every minute and there are over 4 billion active pages (with upwards of 50 billion on the high end of total pages). Web development isn’t going out of style anytime soon and learning how to develop websites is practical even if you aren’t planning to build a career out of it. Everyone from small business owners to artists can benefit from learning how to develop websites (though the emergence of platforms like WordPress make it easier than ever to utilize templates and creation wizards to make your own website).
Why Zig Has Become The Highest-paying Programming Language
Move over Clojure, there’s a new kid on the block; Zig has emerged as the best-paying programming language for developers in 2024.
That’s according to the latest Stack Overflow survey. The poll, which included 89,184 software developers across 185 countries, found that Zig developers command the highest median salaries, earning $103,000 per year on average.
Just 0.83% of the surveyed developers reported they were proficient in Zig, underscoring its relative obscurity and scarcity in the talent pool.
3 well-paid tech positions hiring nowThis scarcity, coupled with the ever-increasing demand for high-performance systems programming, has likely contributed to healthy compensation figures for Zig developers.
There have been shifts in the earning potential of other programming languages too. Clojure, which held the top spot in 2022, experienced a 10% decrease in median pay, knocking it from its pedestal. Meanwhile Dart and SAS saw the highest increase in median pay during 2023, growing more than 20% year-over-year.
What is Zig?Lead developer and president of the Zig Software Foundation, Andrew Kelley, describes Zig as a “general purpose programming language and toolchain for maintaining robust, optimal and reusable software.”
As a low-level language, it’s considered ideal for those who value speed and size, and has been pitched as an heir to C, though with fewer keywords and a safer platform.
The C preprocessor is a very strong tool but according to Kelley:
“The problem with the preprocessor is that it turns one language into two languages that don’t know about each other. Regardless of the flaws, C programmers find ourselves using the preprocessor because it provides necessary features, such as conditional compilation, a constant that can be used for array sizes, and generics. Zig plans to provide better alternatives to solve these problems.”
Run as a non-profit, it has a very active contributor community where developers are encouraged to use Zig for open-source personal projects so that real-world issues can emerge and be dealt with.
Zig’s consistent memory management, which incorporates functions like compile-time memory tracking and automated memory deallocation, is one of its main advantages.
And because it can easily be integrated with existing projects due to its compatibility with C codebases, it’s a great option for systems programming, embedded systems, game creation, and scripting.
Despite being relatively new — since 2015 to be exact — Zig is still in its early stages of development. This means that steep (and time-intensive) learning curves may possibly lie ahead.
However, Kelley is naturally positive about its capabilities, saying that part of the Zig project is providing an alternative to libc. This means users can design a new API without some of the mistakes made in the 1970s still lurking, and with the benefit of 20:20 hindsight.
Developer viewDespite Zig being well-paid, it’s not on the radar of most programmers. So, where does it rank in the wider language ecosystem?
Well, for the eleventh year in a row, JavaScript remains the most widely-used programming language, according to the Stack Overflow survey, and this is followed by HTML/CSS.
Python is now the third most-popular language, surpassing SQL, but it ranks top among non-professionals who are learning to code.
Interestingly, professional developers report using SQL more than Python (52% vs. 45%), while student developers use Python more than SQL (59% vs. 37%).
The top three technologies for professional developers remain the same as the previous year: SQL, HTML/CSS, and JavaScript.
This year, a few technologies (Bash/Shell, C, Ruby, Perl, and Erlang) advanced one position, while two (Elixir and Lisp) advanced two positions. The major mover was the embeddable scripting language Lua, which rose seven places since 2022.
Zig ranks all the way down in 41st place for all respondents, finds itself in 40th place for professional programmers, ranks 37th for those learning to code, and nabs the 36th spot for other coders — generally hobbyists and former professionals.
Of course, if you can find an organization that uses, values, and rewards Zig, then the salary rewards can be plentiful.
3 more EU roles hiring nowInterestingly, its founder Kelley publishes the not-for-profit’s financial particulars online for the world to see, while he accepts $108,000 per year before tax, just slightly above the average of the 259 Zig users who responded to the survey.
Zig may be more widely-adopted in the future, but other tech skills can offer more immediate gains, if increasing your salary is your current priority.
If you’ve recently browsed a job board, it’s likely you’ll have already clocked some of the high salaries on offer.
Jobs site Indeed ranks Gen AI as the best-paid tech skill of 2024, with an average salary potential of $174,727. Making up the rest of the top five, system-on-chip garners $174,564, deep learning nabs $108,939, Torch pulls in $169,874, and PyTorch sits at $168,636.
Following these is computer vision at $166,873, SystemVerilog with $165,832, Mesos with $165,788, Rust at $165,637, and Elixir is in tenth place with $165,245. Not too shabby.
Ready to increase your earning power? Start browsing The House of Talent Job Board today
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is a text-based approach to describing how content contained within an HTML file is structured. This markup tells a web browser how to display text, images and other forms of multimedia on a webpage.
HTML is a formal recommendation by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and is generally adhered to by all major web browsers, including both desktop and mobile web browsers. HTML5 is the latest version of the specification.
How HTML worksHTML is a text file containing specific syntax, file and naming conventions that show the computer and the web server that it is in HTML and should be read as such. By applying these HTML conventions to a text file in virtually any text editor, a user can write and design a basic webpage, and then upload it to the internet.
The most basic of HTML conventions is the inclusion of a document type declaration at the beginning of the text file. This always comes first in the document, because it is the piece that affirmatively informs a computer that this is an HTML file. The document header typically looks like this: <!DOCTYPE html>. It should always be written that way, without any content inside it or breaking it up. Any content that comes before this declaration will not be recognized as HTML by a computer.
Doctypes are not just used for HTML, they can apply to the creation of any document that uses SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language). SGML is a standard for specifying a specific markup language being used. HTML is one of several markup languages that SGML and doctype declarations apply to.
The other critical requirement for creating an HTML file is saving it with a .Html file extension. Whereas the doctype declaration signals HTML to the computer from the inside of the file, the file extension signals HTML to the computer from the outside of the file. By having both, a computer can tell that it's an HTML file whether it's reading the file or not. This becomes especially important when uploading the files to the web, because the web server needs to know what to do with the files before it can send them to a client computer for the inner contents to be read.
After writing the doctype and saving as an HTML file, a user can implement all the other syntactic tools of HTML to customize a web page. Once finished, they will likely have several HTML files corresponding to various pages of the website. It's important that the user uploads these files in the same hierarchy that they saved them in, as each page references the specific file paths of the other pages, enabling links between them. Uploading them in a different order will cause links to break and pages to be lost, because the specified file paths will not match the pages.
Basic elements of HTMLUsing HTML, a text file is further marked up with additional text describing how the document should be displayed. To keep the markup separate from the actual content of the HTML file, there is a special, distinguishing HTML syntax that is used. These special components are known as HTML tags. The tags can contain name-value pairs known as attributes, and a piece of content that is enclosed within a tag is referred to as an HTML element.
HTML elements always have opening tags, content in the middle and closing tags. Attributes can provide additional information about the element and are included in the opening tag. Elements can be described in one of two ways:
Pros of using HTML include:
A few cons to consider are:
HTML tags dictate the overall structure of a page and how the elements within them will be displayed in the browser. Commonly used HTML tags include:
As mentioned, there are opening and closing tags that surround the content they are augmenting. An opening tag looks like this: <p>. A closing tag is the same but contains a backslash in it to indicate that it's the end of the given HTML element. Closing tags look like this: </p>.
How to use and implement HTMLBecause HTML is completely text-based, an HTML file can be edited simply by opening it up in a program such as Notepad++, Vi or Emacs. Any text editor can be used to create or edit an HTML file and, so long as it is named with an .Html file extension, any web browser -- such as Chrome or Firefox -- will be capable of displaying the file as a webpage.
For professional software developers, there are a variety of WYSIWYG editors to develop webpages. Netbeans, IntelliJ, Eclipse and Microsoft's Visual Studio provide WYSIWYG editors as either plugins or as standard components, making it incredibly easy to use and implement HTML.
These WYSIWYG editors also provide HTML troubleshooting facilities, although modern web browsers often contain web developer plugins that will highlight problems with HTML pages, such as a missing closing tag or syntax that does not create well-formed HTML.
Chrome and Firefox both include HTML developer tools that allow for the immediate viewing of a webpage's complete HTML file, along with the ability to edit HTML on the fly and immediately incorporate changes within the internet browser.
HTML, CSS and JavaScriptHTML is used to create webpages but does experience limitations when it comes to fully responsive components. Therefore, HTML should only be used to add text elements and structure them within a page. For more complex features, HTML can be combined with cascading style sheets (CSS) and JavaScript (JS).
An HTML file can link to a cascading style sheet or JS file -- usually at the top of the document with a specified file path -- which will contain information about which colors to use, which fonts to use and other HTML element rendering information. JavaScript also allows developers to include more dynamic functionality, such as pop-ups and photo sliders, in a webpage. Tags called class attributes are used to match HTML elements to their corresponding CSS or JS elements.
For example, if a user wants the color of a certain amount of text to be red, they can write code in the CSS file with an accompanying class attribute that turns text red. Then they can place the associated class attribute on all the pieces of text they want to be red in the HTML sheet. The same basic method applies to JS sheets, with different functions.
Separating information about how a page is structured, the role of HTML, from the information about how a webpage looks when it is rendered in a browser is a software development pattern and best practice known as separation of concerns.
History and developmentIn the early days of the world wide web, marking up text-based documents using HTML syntax was more than sufficient to facilitate the sharing of academic documents and technical memos. However, as the internet expanded beyond the walls of academia and into the homes of the general population, greater demand was placed on webpages in terms of formatting and interactivity.
HTML 4.01 was released in 1999, at a time when the internet was not yet a household name, and HTML5 was not standardized until 2014. During this time, HTML markup drifted from the job of simply describing the document structure of webpage content into the role of also describing how content should look when a webpage displays it.
As a result, HTML4-based webpages often included information within a tag about what font to use when displaying text, what color should be used for the background and how content should be aligned. Describing within an HTML tag how an HTML element should be formatted when rendered on a webpage is considered an HTML antipattern. HTML should generally describe how content is structured, not how it will be styled and rendered within a browser. Other markup languages are better suited to this task.
One major difference between HTML4 and HTML5 is that the separation of concerns pattern is more rigorously enforced in HTML5 than it was in HTML4. With HTML5, the bold <b> and italicize <i> tags have been deprecated. For the paragraph tag, the align attribute has been completely removed from the HTML specification.
HTML versionsThe following is a list of HTML versions and the years they were created. Several iterations of each version have been released over time. This list aims to focus on significant iterations.
HTML5 introduces several elements to increase interactivity, multimedia capabilities and semantic efficiency. Instead of using plugins, multimedia can be placed within the HTML code. These elements include:
Other main features of HTML5 include:
While the addition of these features represents an effort to support multimedia embedding, changes to the HTML specification demonstrate the desire of the community for HTML to return to its original purpose of describing the structure of content. Basically, more structural features have been added, while several format-centric features have been deprecated. For the purpose of backward-compatibility, web browsers will continue to support deprecated HTML tags, but eventually HTML will be mainly structure-based.
HTML syntax standardsIn the following HTML example, there are two HTML elements. Both elements use the same paragraph tag, designated with the letter p, and both use the directional attribute dir, although a different attribute value is assigned to the HTML attribute's name-value pairing, namely rtl and ltr.
Notice that when this HTML snippet is rendered in a browser, the HTML tags impact how each HTML element is displayed on the page, but none of the HTML tags or attributes are displayed. HTML simply describes how to render the content. The HTML itself is never displayed to the end user.
In order for a web browser to display an HTML page without error, it must be provided with well-formed HTML. To be well-formed, each HTML element must be contained within an opening tag -- <p> -- and a closing tag -- </p>. Furthermore, any new tag opened within another tag must be closed before the containing tag is closed. So, for example, <h1><p>well-formed HTML</p></h1> is well-formed HTML, while <h1><p>well-formed HTML</h1></p> is not well-formed HTML.
Another syntax rule is that HTML attributes should be enclosed within single or double quotes. There is often debate about which format is technically correct, but the World Wide Web Consortium asserts that both approaches are acceptable.
The best advice for choosing between single and double quotes is to keep the usage consistent across all the documents. HTML style-checkers can be used to enforce consistent use across pages. It should be noted that sometimes using a single quote is required, such as in an instance where an attribute value actually contains a double quote character. The reverse is true as well.
It's important to note as well that the language HTML works with is basic English. Non-English characters -- or letters -- such as Chinese, or special symbols -- like letters with accent marks -- may not display correctly on a webpage by default. In order to accommodate special character sets, users need to specify the character encoding with an element that looks like this: <meta charset="utf-8"/>. In this case, utf-8 is the character set. Utf-8 is HTML's default English charset.